AIReSQ IIT Gandhinagar FloodReSQ

From Rain to Resilience

Building a Physics-AI-Powered Flood Enterprise
Prof. Udit Bhatia
IIT Gandhinagar | AIReSQ
Technical presentation

Urban Inundation Is a Global Systems Challenge

Urban flooding disrupting Mumbai transport
Cities concentrate exposure

A short, intense storm can simultaneously disable roads, rail, power, hospitals, homes and economic activity.

Urban flooding is not only a water problem. It is a fast-moving failure of connected city systems.
Technical presentation

2025–2026: Rain Repeatedly Stopped the City

Gurugram inundation in 2025
Hindustan TimesGurugram · 3 Sep 2025
160 mm in 24 hours left commuters stranded and roads crippled
Offices shifted to work from home; schools moved online.
Mumbai transport flooding in 2025
Associated PressMumbai · 20 Aug 2025
Record rain brought the financial capital to a standstill
Local trains, the city’s mobility lifeline, were disrupted.
Gurugram gridlock in 2026
Times of IndiaGurugram · 7 Aug 2026
Flooded roads again crippled traffic and basic connectivity
Power and internet disruption reached homes and workplaces.
New York transport flooding in 2025
Associated PressNew York · 15 Jul 2025
Flash flooding closed roads and suspended subway services
A global operating problem, not a city-specific anomaly.
Technical presentation

Urban Flooding Outruns the Decision Cycle

Minutes to hoursfor rain cells, surcharge, road closure and emergency response
Street to cityfor terrain, drains, buildings, roads, outfalls and boundary exchange
Incomplete evidencefrom forecasts, municipal assets, sensors, reports and changing antecedent state
City-scale Gurugram hydraulic context

Operational models have to keep pace with a changing city and still leave time to act.

Technical presentation

Today’s Tools Do Not Yet Form a Decision Loop

Weather forecastHow much rain may fall?
Hazard mapWhere could water accumulate?
Hydraulic studyWhat happens in a predefined case?
Incident reportWhat did residents or field teams observe?
Works registerWhat was cleaned, connected or installed?
Each component can be useful. The missing layer is a fast, physically consistent loop connecting evidence, prediction, intervention and observed response.

Conventional workflows were designed for studies. Urban operations require repeated decisions.

Technical presentation

The Technical Journey Began With Compound Extremes

Environmental Research Letters · 2021

Localized concurrent hazards can produce prolonged, network-wide disruption.

71%
maximum underestimation of road-network functionality loss when concurrence was ignored
Concurrent extremes and infrastructure disruption framework
Technical presentation

Domain-Guided AI Connected Evidence to Physics

Use learning to recover what is sparse or hidden; use domain structure to constrain what the system is allowed to infer.

Sparse evidence

Rain gauges, terrain products, asset records, sensors and field reports arrive at different scales and confidence.

→

Domain-guided AI

Physical relationships, topology, conservation, uncertainty and operational constraints shape the admissible state.

→

Decision-ready state

Conditioned terrain, repaired networks, hidden-state estimates and ranked scenarios enter the hydraulic loop.

The progression is visible in our work: compound processes → infrastructure consequences → intervention causality → operational city intelligence.

Technical presentation

Surat Asked the First Hard Question

naturecities
Surat study area
Research origin

Can partial protection reduce total damage while changing who floods, when they flood and how long they remain exposed?

This question moved the work beyond hazard mapping toward the distributional consequences of infrastructure decisions.

Technical presentation

Protection Can Redistribute Risk

naturecities
Flood exposure comparison

Protection changes flood timing and extent

Distributional impact comparison

Aggregate benefit can coexist with unequal outcomes

A technically successful defence can still shift onset and exposure toward already vulnerable communities.
Technical presentation

AIReSQ Translates Research Into City Operations

ResearchCompound hazards, infrastructure consequences and intervention causality.
ARC CentreA shared environment where scientists, engineers and public officials inspect live city models together.
AIReSQThe translation layer that packages domain-guided AI, accelerated physics and decision products for deployment.
Technical presentation
Rain to Resilience end-to-end intelligence pipeline
Technical presentation

Rainfall Is Not the Decision

IITGN campus mapping
Campus-scale surface water depth mapped over the IIT Gandhinagar orthomosaic
Where does water collect? How deep? When is the ground usable again?
Technical presentation

Flooding Begins With a Capacity Gap

31.5 million m³
rainfall volume over the reviewed Gurugram event
3.2 million m³
indicative main-drain conveyance volume in the same framing

The operational question is where the remaining water is stored, delayed, exchanged or returned to the surface.

MCG rainfall and drainage capacity evidence
Technical presentation

Urban Flooding Is a Connected Hydraulic System

Terrain
Terrain MEASURED + CONDITIONED
Drainage
Drainage MAPPED + INFERRED
Buildings
Buildings MAPPED
Roads
Roads MAPPED

FloodAstra resolves how these layers redirect, store and exchange water as one connected hydraulic system.

Technical presentation
FLOODTWIN
A live 3D decision interface for flood depth, critical assets, drainage and road access
FloodTwin 3D flood decision interface for Gurugram
Time-controlled flood surfaceInspectable hydraulic assetsCritical facilities and hotspotsFlood-aware road status
Technical presentation

Physics Governs the State; AI Accelerates the Search

1

Assemble the hydraulic state

Domain-guided AI conditions rainfall, terrain, assets, sensors and field reports while preserving provenance and uncertainty.

→
2

Resolve coupled hydraulics

Conservation-governed surface flow, network exchange, surcharge and recession run on an accelerated GPU work plan.

→
3

Search feasible interventions

AI prioritises designs; physics re-runs each candidate and rejects transferred risk, insufficient capacity and unstable evidence.

Hydrodynamics, nonlinear dynamics and hydraulic design operate in one domain-governed loop at decision speed.

Technical presentation

The Advantage Is Intervention-Grade Coupling

CapabilityAI warningHydraulic studyReporting platformFloodAstra enterprise
Physical consistencyPartialStrongNoStrong
Sparse-data adaptationYesManualObservationsPhysics-constrained
Intervention causalityNoPredefinedNoHyperlocal search
Operational speedFastSlow cycleFastCity-scale minutes
Transferred-risk checkNoCase-dependentNoSystem guardrail
Field learning loopVariablePeriodicStrongClosed loop

The advantage is not AI, physics or GPUs alone. It is their domain-governed integration into solution design.

Technical presentation

GPU Acceleration Changes the Operating Window

GPU model products
500 km²
reviewed Gurugram city-scale domain
3 min 56 sec
reviewed operational benchmark

Runtime claims remain tied to event, mesh, assets, physics version and hardware provenance.

Technical presentation

Trust Requires Evidence Gates

Terrain QA

Terrain QA

FLAG / REPAIR
Topology QA

Topology + inverts

VERIFY
Mass balance

Mass balance

ACCEPT / REJECT
Field validation

Field validation

UPDATE

Questionable terrain, unstable runs and unsupported depths do not silently enter operational statistics.

Technical presentation

Gurugram Reframed the Problem

What is happening? Who must act? Which intervention changes the outcome?
Technical presentation

FloodAstra in Action

GURUGRAM CASE
Gurugram flood depth and synchronized rainfall keyframe
REVIEWED 2025 EVENT · 133 MM / 12 H
Technical presentation

A Daily Nowcast Becomes a Field Decision

GURUGRAM CASE · 22 AUG 2026
Daily Gurugram field-watch report with forecast hyetograph and priority location
Low rain does not become a citywide warningThe QA-passed run narrows the city to a targeted field check, with timing, depth, persistence, map link and responsible contacts.
1.22 mm24-hour forecast total
0.23 mfield-reportable maximum
1priority watch location
Technical presentation

Reports and Sensors Close the Loop

GURUGRAM CASE
Citizen flood reporting

Citizen evidence

473
geolocated reports in the reviewed validation set
Model report agreement

Model–report agreement

96.5%
reproduced under the matching validation definition
Sensor integration

Subsurface sensing

40
sensor programme: installed and being deployed
Technical presentation

Water Movement Connects City, Ward, Sector and Street

GURUGRAM CASE
City, ward, sector and street accountability
Technical presentation

One Ward, One Operational Action Sheet

GURUGRAM CASE · DAILY NOWCAST
Ward 21 daily flood hotspot report for 22 August 2026
Ward 21 · Zone VIISector 52–57, Suncity, Ardee City and adjoining localities · assigned JE and rainfall lineage included
1
Know when and whereTwo model-watch locations; first 15 cm crossing about 11 h 45 min after rainfall begins.
2
Know how long access is affectedHighest model-cell depth 0.22 m; affected locations remain above 10 cm for 8.7 h on average.
3
Give the field team a first actionReach Sector 52 before the threshold window, clear and test the nearest road inlet, then trace it to a confirmed stormwater drain.
Technical presentation

3D Terrain and Groundwater Context for Every Ward

GURUGRAM CASE
Groundwater and terrain 3D context
Continuous terrain + groundwaterPre/post-monsoon and layer controls
Ward and observation contextNAQUIM readings remain visible
Decision-scale hoverTerrain elevation, groundwater elevation and depth
Technical presentation

RechargeTwin Tests Peak Reduction Before Construction

GURUGRAM CASE · TWO REGISTERED PARKS
RechargeTwin two-park pump, detention and recharge comparison
800 L/sfour 50 HP pumps
14,000 m³finite park detention
10.6%peak road-depth reduction
25.2%local peak-volume reduction
Technical presentation

Scenario Lab Begins With 176 Reviewed Locations

GURUGRAM CASE
Open working Scenario Lab ↗
Scenario Lab full hotspot map and response controls
1 · SelectStart from the full reviewed hotspot map, not only a ranked Top 10.
2 · DesignAdd one or several hydraulically screened works.
3 · CompareHold rainfall and assets fixed; measure the change.
Technical presentation

Scenario Lab Turns Candidate Works Into Testable Designs

GURUGRAM CASE
Launch live demonstration ↗
Scenario Lab intervention design
PumpDesiltClear inletNew connectionRechargeNetwork gaps
Technical presentation

Scenario Lab Quantifies Benefits and Hydraulic Trade-Offs

GURUGRAM CASE
Same rainfall · storm end · 12-hour recovery
Rajendra Ward 34 baseline and proposed-work maximum flood depth comparison Baseline and proposed-work water recession after the storm
−4,723 m³surface flood volume
−19 mmmaximum depth
−2.8 minmean persistence
−10,547 m³network overflow
+4,269 m³manhole-return trade-off
Technical presentation

Negative Results Are Part of Operational Trust

Implausible terrain depth

Implausible depth

QUARANTINE
Disconnected network

Disconnected network

REPAIR
Transferred flooding

Transferred flooding

GUARDRAIL
No material improvement

No material benefit

REPORT IT

A decision system earns trust by exposing when evidence, physics or an intervention is inadequate.

Technical presentation

MobiReSQ Converts Flood Depth Into Network Disruption

MobiReSQ flood-aware mobility intelligence and rerouting interface
Flooded road linksAccessibility lossFlood-safe reroutingTravel-time consequence

A hydraulic state becomes an operational mobility decision.

Technical presentation

Vijayawada: Compound Flooding, Operational Context

Vijayawada terrain, urban fabric, drainage and compound flood dashboard context
Rainfall + urban drainage + Budameru + Krishna tailwaterThe operating state emerges from simultaneous surface, network and river-boundary controls.
Open Vijayawada FloodAstra ↗
Technical presentation

One Physics Stack, a Different City

Vijayawada operational dashboard
6-hour
simulation horizon
73.4 s
reviewed workload runtime
180,050
triangles
13,940
drain links
11,264
inlet/node connections
Technical presentation

From Gurugram and Vijayawada to a Reusable City Platform

Gurugram operational flood decision-support system

Gurugram

Operational PoC · nowcast, wards, field watch and Scenario Lab

Vijayawada RTGS integrated decision-support system

Vijayawada

RTGS AWARE integration · compound river, canal and urban drainage context

1 · AuditTerrain, rainfall, assets and confidence.
2 · ReconstructSurface, drainage and boundary hydraulics.
3 · ValidateEvents, field reports and evidence gates.
4 · OperateNowcast, reports and intervention testing.
GURUGRAM · DEMONSTRATEDVIJAYAWADA · INTEGRATEDAHMEDABAD · SCALE-OUTGANDHINAGAR · SCALE-OUT
Technical presentation

Independent Coverage Followed the Translation

Urban flooding image used in The Better India feature on IIT Gandhinagar's flood intelligence programme
Predicting floods before the first drop fallsThe Better India · 4 August 2026
Beyond the Paper AIReSQ feature
From research to urban operationsIITGN News · 4 June 2026
Northeastern Global News coverage
Flood intelligence for mobilityNortheastern Global News · 8 April 2026

Coverage documents the translation pathway; operational claims remain tied to reviewed model and city evidence.

Technical presentation

The Same Intelligence Serves Different Decisions

Municipal operations

Municipal operations

Nowcast, field watch, ward responsibility and intervention testing.

Real estate

Real estate

Parcel-scale inundation, downtime and adaptation performance.

Supply chains

Mobility + supply chains

Route disruption, accessibility and recovery.

Data centres and industry

Industry + data centres

Real-time inundation and adaptation KPIs. Dubai: proposed application.

Technical presentation
RAIN2RESILIENCE

The Breakthrough Is a Decision System That Learns

Physics-consistent prediction → evidence → intervention → observed response → improved city model

From mapping flood risk to testing how resilience is created.

AIReSQ IIT Gandhinagar FloodReSQ
Technical presentation

[Sources] - Gurugram DSS screenshot: local reviewed technical deck asset, 2026-07-28. - AIReSQ, IITGN and FloodReSQ logos: local project assets.

Open with urban inundation as a coupled infrastructure problem. The point is not that every city floods identically, but that dense interdependence turns local water accumulation into network-wide disruption. [Sources] - AP, “Record rains bring Mumbai to a standstill, in photos,” 20 August 2025. https://apnews.com/article/6b1198e8cce8350de7b9875001dab676 - Reuters/WaterAid coverage of flood-drought whiplash across major cities, 12 March 2025. https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/cities-face-whiplash-of-floods-droughts-as-temperatures-rise-study-warns-3922645

Use the sequence to show recurring disruption across different urban forms. These are article summaries, not claims of equal causation or severity. [Sources] - Hindustan Times, 3 September 2025. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/recovering-from-deluge-a-calm-in-gurugram-day-after-chaos-101756838929013.html - AP, 20 August 2025. https://apnews.com/article/6b1198e8cce8350de7b9875001dab676 - Times of India, 7 August 2026. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/gurgaon-rain-chaos-offices-shift-to-work-from-home-as-flooded-roads-cripple-traffic/articleshow/133021781.cms - AP, 15 July 2025. https://apnews.com/article/09b0e611a1dead720168b3acccc4aeb1

Veracity here means the reliability, provenance and time-validity of heterogeneous evidence. Avoid presenting it as a slogan; explain the operational consequence of stale or mismatched inputs. [Sources] - Gurugram reviewed citywide model and operational event packages, local project records. - UN-Habitat, World Cities Report 2024, infrastructure-disruption discussion. https://unhabitat.org/wcr/

This is a statement about integration and operating tempo, not a dismissal of forecasting, hydraulic consulting or municipal field systems. The enterprise builds on all of them. [Sources] - Synthesis of the Gurugram and Vijayawada deployment workflows and municipal information requirements.

This ERL study linked extreme precipitation, floods, landslides, debris flow and road-network functionality. It established the intellectual move from isolated hazard layers to concurrent physical processes and infrastructure consequences. [Sources] - Dave, Subramanian and Bhatia (2021), Environmental Research Letters 16, 104050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2d67

[Sources] - FloodAstra engineering architecture and research lineage, local technical documentation. - Dave, Subramanian and Bhatia (2021), Environmental Research Letters 16, 104050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2d67 - Nature Cities (2025), “Unequal urban flood protection can magnify social inequality.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s44284-025-00299-7

[Sources] - Nature Cities (2025), “Unequal urban flood protection can magnify social inequality.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s44284-025-00299-7

The paper reports reduced aggregate losses alongside increased inequality metrics and earlier downstream flooding in some locations. Explain the exact metrics verbally and avoid implying that every intervention redistributes risk. [Sources] - Nature Cities (2025). https://www.nature.com/articles/s44284-025-00299-7 - Indian Express coverage. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/study-partial-flood-defences-surat-shifted-risk-vulnerable-communities/

[Sources] - The Better India, “This IIT Team Built an AI System That Can Predict Floods Before the First Drop Falls,” 4 August 2026. https://thebetterindia.com/innovation/iit-gandhinagar-arc-centre-ai-urban-flooding-udit-bhatia-indian-cities-monsoon-12227116 - ARC Centre photographs from the institutional ARC Centre science-to-decision deck, 2026. - IIT Gandhinagar ARC Centre launch. https://news.iitgn.ac.in/iit-gandhinagar-launches-ai-resilience-and-command-centre-for-data-driven-climate-risk-management/ - IIT Gandhinagar, “Beyond the Paper: How AIResQ ClimSols is Protecting Urban India from Flooding.” https://news.iitgn.ac.in/beyond-the-paper-how-airesq-climsols-is-protecting-urban-india-from-flooding/

[Sources] - Rain2Resilience end-to-end intelligence pipeline, local AIReSQ/ARC programme material.

The cricket ground makes the decision problem tangible: rainfall is an input, but recovery time is the operational output. [Sources] - IIT Gandhinagar CampusAstra cricket-ground time-to-play animation, local project output. - IIT Gandhinagar CampusAstra campus-scale maximum-depth map over orthomosaic, local project output.

Use these figures only with the reviewed event definition from the commissioner deck. They frame the storage and conveyance problem; they are not a universal capacity statement. [Sources] - MCG Rain to Resilience commissioner deck, slide 1, local file.

[Sources] - Vijayawada and Gurugram local model-input products.

FloodTwin is the spatial decision interface. The reference product view combines a time-controlled flood surface with critical assets and road accessibility; quantitative claims remain tied to reviewed FloodAstra products. [Sources] - FloodTwin product interface, local AIReSQ programme material. - MCG Rain to Resilience commissioner deck and reviewed Gurugram products.

Do not imply that learned components replace conservation. The novelty is the domain-governed integration and accelerated intervention search. [Sources] - FloodAstra engineering architecture, local source and solver documentation.

This category comparison is conceptual. The internal backup slide names adjacent products and should not be circulated without a fresh feature review. [Sources] - Public product positioning and local FloodAstra capabilities, reviewed August 2026.

Use only the reconciled 3:56 benchmark in the main talk. A separate 124-second engineering run used a different workload and is documented in backup. [Sources] - Gurugram commissioner deck and local benchmark records.

[Sources] - Gurugram terrain audit, solver mass-balance diagnostics and field-validation products, local project outputs.

[Sources] - MCG Rain to Resilience commissioner deck, local file. - Hindustan Times, Gurugram pilot announcement. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/gurugram-to-pilot-flood-management-system-with-iit-gandhinagar-101769797097055.html

This is a reviewed 2025 event product from the V2 evidence library. Keep the event label visible; it is not a live nowcast. [Sources] - Gurugram final-review event animation: July 2025, 133 mm / 12 h, local product.

The 22 August example is deliberately a low-rainfall operational day. It shows that the system suppresses a citywide warning while retaining targeted field checks where local terrain can hold water. [Sources] - FloodAstra operational package 20260822T013505Z_tomorrow_io_gurugram_20260822_0730, QA-passed. - Tomorrow.io Gurugram forecast issued 22 August 2026 at 07:30 IST.

The 96.5% figure must always be presented with the exact matching definition from the commissioner deck. The sensor count refers to the reported 40-sensor programme, not necessarily 40 live feeds at one instant. [Sources] - MCG commissioner deck, slide 5. - Indian Express sensor coverage. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/gurgaon-gurugram-ai-sewer-sensors-monsoon-waterlogging-prevention-10726957/ - Hindustan Times sensor coverage. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/mcg-to-install-40-sensors-across-gurugram-to-strengthen-flood-prediction-101780108928844-amp.html

[Sources] - MCG Rain to Resilience commissioner deck, slide 4. - Gurugram ward-report products, local reviewed outputs.

This is the actual first page of the Ward 21 report generated from the selected 22 August 2026 nowcast package. It includes event lineage, ward assignment, model window, localities, action and field-use status. [Sources] - MCG Ward 21 Flood Hotspot Report, selected Flood Watch run 20260822T013505Z_tomorrow_io_gurugram_20260822_0730.

The playable recording is captured from the actual local Three.js viewer used in the commissioner material. It changes season and layer mode while rotating the scene; it is not a simulated decorative animation. [Sources] - MCG commissioner deck, slide 3. - Local groundwater-context 3D viewer and NAQUIM screening products.

The animation is recorded from the operational RechargeTwin using the reviewed July 2025 rainfall, 05 June 2026 municipal assets and the same coupled 2D-surface/1D-drain physics in every configuration. The preferred passing case uses two registered MCG parks, four 50 HP pumps in total, 14,000 m3 finite detention and 12 provisional screened wells. Pumping controls street recession; detention protects the event peak; the 96 L/s recharge screen restores storage over the following day or two. The park well fields are represented as independent investigation zones because lateral aquifer continuity has not been established. [Sources] - FloodAstra D Block two-park optimization summary, local reviewed output, 25 August 2026. - MCG registered park polygons H.No-1977 and H.No-1877; 05 June 2026 asset package. - RechargeTwin operational viewer, local V3 Groundwater workspace.

Do not confuse the Top 10 ranked interventions with the full hotspot population. Scenario Lab begins with the full reviewed set, then ranks candidates. [Sources] - Gurugram Scenario Lab V1/V2 reviewed interface and hotspot catalogue, local outputs.

The playable sequence moves through the actual reviewed interfaces and evidence: full hotspot selection, intervention design, paired GPU comparison and recovery evidence. Defaults are derived from mapped assets and hydraulic context, remain editable, and never enter a run when blocked. [Sources] - Gurugram Scenario Lab reviewed interface and engineering contracts, local outputs. - MCG commissioner deck, slide 2, and Rajendra Ward 34 paired-run products.

Rajendra Ward 34 is a reviewed comparison example. Explain that improvement is multidimensional: reduced surface flooding can coexist with increased return at manholes, requiring a guardrail or redesign. [Sources] - Rajendra Ward 34 completed comparison product, local reviewed output.

[Sources] - Gurugram terrain, topology, intervention and recession audit products, local files.

Keep claims limited to demonstrated network-disruption and rerouting products. Do not imply a live logistics deployment unless verified. [Sources] - MobiReSQ local network and route evidence products.

[Sources] - Vijayawada RTGS Rain2Resilience brief, slide 3, local file.

Do not compare the 73.4-second Vijayawada workload directly with the Gurugram 3:56 benchmark without explaining domain, horizon, mesh and coupling differences. [Sources] - Vijayawada RTGS Rain2Resilience brief, slide 7, local file.

Gurugram and Vijayawada are the primary demonstrated cases in this talk. Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar are shown as scale-out pathways; verify their current contract and deployment status before external delivery. [Sources] - Local Rain2Resilience programme materials and deployment records.

[Sources] - The Better India, “This IIT Team Built an AI System That Can Predict Floods Before the First Drop Falls,” 4 August 2026. https://thebetterindia.com/innovation/iit-gandhinagar-arc-centre-ai-urban-flooding-udit-bhatia-indian-cities-monsoon-12227116 - IIT Gandhinagar AIReSQ feature. https://news.iitgn.ac.in/beyond-the-paper-how-airesq-climsols-is-protecting-urban-india-from-flooding/ - Northeastern Global News, “How AI Flood Prediction is Keeping Highways in India Open.” https://news.northeastern.edu/2026/04/08/ai-flood-prediction-india-monsoons/

Dubai is a proposed application, not a completed deployment. Real-estate, supply-chain and industrial use cases should be described as product extensions unless supported by contracts or validation. [Sources] - Local AIReSQ application visuals and Dubai concept materials.

[Sources] - Synthesis of the Rain2Resilience architecture demonstrated throughout this deck.